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Frequently Asked Questions — Hydraulic Power Units for Elevators
What components are included in a hydraulic power unit?
A standard elevator HPU contains: an electric motor (typically 2.2–22 kW for residential and light commercial applications); a gear or vane pump; a steel or polyethylene oil tank (40–500 liters depending on system size); a pressure relief valve and non-return valve manifold; a directional control valve (for lowering by gravity or active drive); a pressure gauge and temperature sensor; and an electronic control card. Some units integrate a variable speed drive (VSD) on the motor for energy savings and soft start/stop operation.
What type of hydraulic oil should be used in elevator power units?
Mineral oil (ISO VG 46 or VG 68) is the traditional choice, offering good lubricity, oxidation stability, and broad availability. However, EN 81-2 and an increasing number of national regulations now require or strongly recommend the use of biodegradable hydraulic fluids (vegetable-based or synthetic ester) for elevator installations, particularly where oil leakage could contaminate soil or groundwater. Turkish suppliers on elevator.tr can advise on oil specification and supply compatible fluids.
What is the difference between a direct-acting and an indirect hydraulic system?
In a direct-acting (conventional) system, the hydraulic cylinder is positioned below the car and pushes it upward — requiring a borehole into the ground to accommodate the cylinder stroke. In an indirect (holeless or jack-in-slab) system, the cylinder is positioned alongside the car in the shaft, connected via a rope and pulley arrangement that gives a 2:1 mechanical advantage, eliminating the need for a ground borehole. Indirect systems are now more common for new installations due to reduced installation cost and environmental advantage.
How is energy efficiency improved in modern hydraulic elevator systems?
Energy consumption in hydraulic elevators is primarily reduced by fitting a variable speed drive (VSD) to the pump motor, which reduces hydraulic flow and pressure at part-load conditions. Regenerative descent — allowing the car to descend by gravity while recovering electrical energy via a regenerative drive — can further reduce net energy consumption. Proper insulation of the oil tank and maintaining correct oil viscosity also reduces pump load and energy waste.